List of Hittite kings

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Tudḫaliya IV of the New Kingdom, r. c. 1245–1215 BC.[1]

The dating and sequence of the Hittite kings is compiled from fragmentary records, supplemented by the recent find in Hattusa of a cache of more than 3,500 seal impressions giving names and titles and genealogy of Hittite kings. All dates given here are approximate, relying on synchronisms with known chronologies for neighbouring countries and Egypt.

All reign lengths are approximate. The list uses the middle chronology, the most generally accepted chronology of the Ancient Near East and the chronology that accords best with Hittite evidence.[2]

Old kingdom[edit]

Ruler Reign (MC, Kuhrt)[1] [3] Reign (MC, Freu)[4] Lineage and notes
Ḫuzziya (I) (omits) c. 1670 – c. 1650 BC Father or father-in-law of Labarna; existence disputed.[1]
Labarna c. 1680 – c. 1650 BC [5] c. 1650 – c. 1625 BC Traditional founder of the royal line; son or son-in-law of Ḫuzziya; existence disputed.[1]
Ḫattušili I[a] c. 1650 – c. 1620 BC c. 1625 – c. 1600 BC Nephew of the wife of Labarna I[6]
Muršili I c. 1620 – c. 1590 BC c. 1600 – c. 1585 BC Grandson of Ḫattušili I.[6] Sacked Babylon c. 1595 BC.[1][7]
Ḫantili I c. 1590 – c. 1560 BC c. 1585 – c. 1570 BC Brother-in-law of Muršili I[6]
Zidanta I c. 1560 – c. 1550 BC c. 1570 – c. 1570 BC Son-in-law of Ḫantili I[6]
Ammuna c. 1550 – c. 1530 BC c. 1570 – c. 1550 BC Son of Zidanta I[6]
Ḫuzziya I (II) c. 1530 – c. 1525 BC c. 1550 – c. 1550 BC Son of Ammuna (?)[6]
Telipinu c. 1560 – c. 1500 BC c. 1550 – c. 1530 BC Brother-in-law of Ḫuzziya I[6]

Middle kingdom (often not distinguished from Old kingdom)[edit]

Ruler Reign (MC, Kuhrt)[1] [8] Reign (MC, Freu)[9] Lineage and notes
Alluwamna c. 1500 – c. ? BC c. 1530 – c. 1515 BC Son-in-law of Telipinu[6]
Ḫantili II c. ? – c. ? BC c. 1515 – c. 1505 BC Son of Alluwamna[6]
Taḫurwaili c. ? – c. ? BC c. 1505 – c. 1500 BC Cousin of Telipinu;[10] placement uncertain[11]
Zidanta II[b] c. ? – c. ? BC c. 1500 – c. 1485 BC Son of Ḫaššuili, a possible brother of Ḫantili II;[12] [6]
Ḫuzziya II (III) c. ? – c. ? BC c. 1485 – c. 1470 BC Son or son-in-law of Zidanta II (?);[13]
Muwatalli I c. ? – c. 1430 BC c. 1470 – c. 1465 BC Unclear lineage[6]

New kingdom[edit]

Ruler Reign (MC, Kuhrt)[1] Reign (MC, Bryce)[14] Reign (MC, Freu)[15] Lineage and notes
Tudḫaliya I c. 1430/1420 – c. 1410/1400 BC c. 1400 – c. ? BC c. 1465 – c. 1440 BC Son of Kantuzzili, descendant of Zidanta II (?) [16] Identity disputed (= Tudḫaliya II ?) [17]
Ḫattušili II c. 1410/1400 – c. 1400/1390 BC c. ? – c. ? BC c. 1440 – c. 1425 BC Son of Tudḫaliya I (?) [18] Existence disputed [19]
Tudḫaliya II c. 1400/1390 – c. 1390/1370 BC c. ? – c. ? BC c. 1425 – c. 1390 BC Son of Ḫattušili II (?) [20] Identity disputed (= Tudḫaliya I ?) [21]
Arnuwanda I c. 1390/1370 – c. 1380/1355 BC c. ? – c. ? BC c. 1390 – c. 1380 BC Adopted son and son-in-law of Tudḫaliya II[6]
Tudḫaliya III[c] c. 1380/1355 – c. 1370/1344 BC c. ? – c. 1350 BC c. 1380 – c. 1350 BC Son of Arnuwanda I[6]
Tudḫaliya the Younger (?) (omits) (omits) (omits) Son of Tudḫaliya III. Rule disputed.
Šuppiluliuma I c. 1370/1344 – c. 1330/1322 BC c. 1350 – c. 1322 BC c. 1350 – c. 1319 BC Adopted son and son-in-law of Tudḫaliya III[22][6] Expanded the empire. Mentioned in the Amarna letters.[23]
Arnuwanda II c. 1330/1322 – c. 1330/1321 BC c. 1322 – c. 1321 BC c. 1319 – c. 1318 BC Son of Šuppiluliuma I[6]
Muršili II c. 1330/1321 – c. 1295 BC c. 1321 – c. 1295 BC c. 1318 – c. 1295 BC Son of Šuppiluliuma I[6]
Muwatalli II[d] c. 1295 – c. 1282/1272 BC c. 1295 – c. 1272 BC c. 1295 – c. 1272 BC Son of Muršili II[6] Fought at the Battle of Kadesh.
Muršili III[e] c. 1282/1272 – c. 1275/1264 BC c. 1272 – c. 1267 BC c. 1272 – c. 1265 BC Son of Muwatalli II[6]
Ḫattušili III c. 1275/1264 – c. 1245/1239 BC c. 1267 – c. 1237 BC c. 1265 – c. 1240 BC Son of Muršili II[6] Signatory of the Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty.
Tudḫaliya IV[f] c. 1245/1239 – c. 1215/1209 BC c. 1237 – c. 1209 BC c. 1240 – c. 1215 BC Son of Ḫattušili III[6] Fought at the Battle of Nihriya.
Arnuwanda III c. 1215/1209 – c. 1210/1205 BC c. 1209 – c. 1207 BC c. 1215 – c. 1210 BC Son of Tudḫaliya IV[6]
Šuppiluliuma II[g] c. 1215/1205 – c. ? BC c. 1207 – c. ? BC c. 1209 – c. 1185 BC [24] Son of Tudḫaliya IV[6] Last known king before the Late Bronze Age collapse and end of the kingdom.

See also[edit]

  • List of Neo-Hittite kings, for the rulers of the Neo-Hittite states, some of whom were direct descendants of the Hittite kings
    • The rulers of Carchemish in particular presented themselves as successors of the Hittite kings and ruled in northern Syria until defeated by the Assyrians in 717 BC.
  • History of the Hittites
  • Tawananna, for Hittite queens

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Also known as Labarna II.[6]
  2. ^ Also known as Zidanza.[6]
  3. ^ Also known as Tašmišarri.[6]
  4. ^ Also known as Šarri-Teššub.[6]
  5. ^ Also known as Urhi-Teššub.[6]
  6. ^ Also known as Tašmi-Šarruma.[6]
  7. ^ Also known as Šuppiluliama.[6]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One. Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-136-75548-4.
  2. ^ Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia. Oxford University Press. p. 598. ISBN 978-0-19-970447-7.
  3. ^ Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford, 2005: xv uses the same dates.
  4. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 25.
  5. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2020). "The Authorship of the Old Hittite Palace Chronicle (CTH 8): A Case for Anitta", in Journal of Cuneiform Studies 72 (2020): "...Recently, Forlanini proposed that the text's author was not Muršili I but rather Ḫattušili I, who tells about the times of his predecessor Labarna I (ca. 1680(?)–1650 BCE)..."
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Bilgin, Tayfun (2018). Officials and Administration in the Hittite World. Walter de Gruyter. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-5015-0977-3.
  7. ^ Kuhrt, A. (1997). Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC. London: Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-415-16763-5.
  8. ^ Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford, 2005: xv uses the same approximate start date for the overall span, but ending in c. 1400 BC.
  9. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 25.
  10. ^ Birgit Brandau, Hartmut Schickert: Hethiter Die unbekannte Weltmacht
  11. ^ Kuhrt 1995: 230 places Taḫurwaili after Telipinu; Freu & Mazoyer 2007: 25 place him Taḫurwaili after Ḫantili II.
  12. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 166.
  13. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 172.
  14. ^ Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford, 2005: xv.
  15. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris, 2007: 25.
  16. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris, 2007: 311; Amélie Kuhrt, The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC, vol. 1, London, 1995: 230.
  17. ^ Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford, 2005: 122-123.
  18. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris, 2007: 311; Amélie Kuhrt, The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC, vol. 1, London, 1995: 230.
  19. ^ Bryce, Trevor; Bryce, Trevor Robert (2012-03-15). "Appendix III: The Kings of Late Bronze Age Hatti". The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-921872-1.
  20. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris, 2007: 311; Amélie Kuhrt, The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC, vol. 1, London, 1995: 230.
  21. ^ Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford, 2005: 122-123.
  22. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris, 2007: 200-201.
  23. ^ Cohen, Raymond; Westbrook, Raymond (2002). Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations. JHU Press. pp. xv. ISBN 978-0-8018-7103-0.
  24. ^ Drews, Robert (1994). The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East. Princeton University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-691-02951-1.
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